Ultrasonic Testing Level 2 Practice Test

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• In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is maximum at which location?
• In a water immersion test on steel, an incident angle of 14 degrees yields a refracted shear angle of 31 degrees. What is the refracted angle?
• When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached results in:
• A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5 degrees from the normal. The refracted angle of the transverse wave is
• In inspecting a 4 inch diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, which wave transmission is preferable?
• An ultrasonic instrument calibrated to obtain a 2 inch indication from a 0.08 inch diameter flat bottom hole located 3 inches from the front surface. When testing a forging, a 2 inch indication is obtained from a discontinuity located 3 inches from the entry surface. The cross sectional area of this discontinuity is probably:
• Of the following sound wave modes, which one has multiple or varying wave velocities?
• Why are Lamb waves advantageous for inspecting thin sheet materials?
• In immersion testing, near field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by:
• In immersion shear wave testing, waves are generated by angulating the transducer beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the material's particle motion?
• Rayleigh waves are generated at the second critical angle.
• Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects located
• What is a typical observation when a metallic specimen has large grains?
• The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity will be dependent on
• The random distribution of crystallographic directions in coarse-grained alloys affects ultrasonic testing by increasing which phenomenon?
• In a cathode ray tube, which part becomes luminous when struck by an electron beam?
• Lamb waves are particularly suitable for inspecting which type of geometry or material?
• The length of the near-field zone next to a transducer is mostly affected by?
• Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the search unit will which of the following?
• Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in which of the following?
• In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be:
• The scattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly irregular surface is called:
• The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately
• When comparing penetrating power in coarse-grained materials at the same frequency, which vibration mode generally penetrates deepest?
• Which term describes the distance between successive peaks of an ultrasonic wave traveling through a medium?
• Which term describes the scattering of ultrasonic beam rays caused by reflection from a highly irregular surface?
• One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is:
• The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as:
• For shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the flaw locating rule should coincide with the sound beam exit point of the wedge.
• Which of the following factors can cause non-symmetry in a propagated ultrasonic beam when using focused transducers?
• The incident angles at which 90 degree refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occur are called:
• When using two separate search units, one for transmission and one for reception, which pairing is considered most efficient?
• What is the property of certain materials that enables conversion between electrical energy and mechanical energy?
• Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs parallel to the surface by Rolling.
• In immersion ultrasonic testing, water is used as the coupling medium.
• Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in Lead at 1 MHz.
• The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is:
• A 45 degree shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized:
• Which medium provides faster longitudinal wave velocity according to the data given?
• The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface illustrates the phenomenon of:
• Which mode of vibration is quickly damped during immersion ultrasonic testing?
• Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is:
• Which calibration step ensures the instrument's signal amplitude responds proportionally to a known reflector distance?
• As impedance ratio increases, transmitted energy across the interface should:
• Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represent a mode?
• Which best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam?
• In immersion testing, false indications caused by contoured surfaces are most likely to appear as which type of indication?
• If repetition frequency is set too high, what issue is likely to occur?
• In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the CRT which are used to measure distance is called:
• In immersion testing, which wave type tends to be rapidly damped, reducing correlation with surface conditions?
• As frequency increases for a given diameter crystal, the angle of beam divergence:
• Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:
• A 6 inch diameter rod is being inspected for center-line cracks. The A scan presentation for one complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. Where should there be an alarm gate?
• Which wave type would be most appropriate for detecting laminar type defects near the surface of a thin material?
• What term describes the time duration of the transmitted ultrasonic pulse?
• The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining:
• In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the:
• Which statement best describes a feature of immersion testing related to surface wave damping?
• At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in:
• In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time base line is called:
• Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting beam divergence?
• The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and defects when using:
• A boundary with large impedance mismatch will cause most of the ultrasonic energy to be
• Which material is known for mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging when used in transducers?
• A primary purpose of a reference standard is:
• Which statement describes the relationship between bandwidth and resolving power?
• Which device uses a beam of electrons to reproduce an image on a fluorescent screen?
• Which term specifically names the device that provides the timing signal to coordinate all instrument actions?
• To generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, the required incident angle is 57 degrees given Va = 3.1 x 10^5 cm/s and Vp = 2.6 x 10^5 cm/s.
• In angle beam testing of plate, laminations parallel to the front surface are often missed.
• The formula sinθ1 / V1 = sinθ2 / V2 is commonly referred to as
• To determine the vertical linear range, which type of reference blocks is used?
• Which wave type tends to have the shortest wavelength at a fixed frequency according to general wave behavior in the material?
• During straight beam testing, non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause which effect (alternative wording)?
• The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of
• For a traveling ultrasonic wave, wavelength equals velocity divided by frequency. Which expresses this relationship correctly?
• For detecting discontinuities oriented along weld fusion lines, which beam configuration and wave type is typically most effective?
• The velocity of sound in water relative to aluminum or steel is approximately 1:4. Which of the following represents this ratio?
• Lamb waves can be used to detect
• The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called:
• In immersion testing, the standard method to generate shear waves relies on angulating the transducer to the proper angle. True or false?
• During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause which effect?
• Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which examination types (alternative wording)?
• What term describes the loss of acoustic energy as it travels through a material due to mechanisms such as head conduction and scattering?
• Which depth corresponds to the depth at which surface waves energy is reduced to approximately 1/25 of the original power?
• A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative freedom from vibratory motion is referred to as?
• Which zone is defined by the property that the indication amplitude decays exponentially with distance?
• Which phenomenon describes bending of waves at an interface due to a change in propagation speed?
• On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of a reflected beam?
• Compression waves whose particle displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are called
• What casting discontinuity results from splashing or interrupted pouring, or meeting of two streams?
• Which combination of material properties primarily determines the acoustic velocity?
• As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials:
• To shorten the focal length of a curved lens, you should:
• What is the diagram called that shows circuit stages as geometric blocks and signal paths as lines?
• The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called?
• In immersion ultrasonic testing, what is the primary couplant used?
• Rayleigh waves are generated at which critical angle?
• Which term describes the horizontal movement across the screen in an A-scan instrument?
• In which medium would have the highest velocity of longitudinal waves among Aluminum, Water, Air, Plastic?
• With the velocity of sound in aluminum approximately 245,000 inch/sec, how long does sound take to travel 1 inch?
• For a given frequency in a material, which statement best explains why shear waves are often more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves?
• Acoustic velocities in materials are primarily governed by which properties?
• The vertical linear range of an ultrasonic instrument can be determined by obtaining responses from which reference blocks?
• In metal casting, why is ultrasonic inspection often impractical due to grain structure?
• During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a:
• Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel to the surface by which process?
• What is the name of a hole formed during solidification due to escaping gases?
• A 45-degree shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized in which way?
• In which medium listed below would the velocity of sound be lowest?
• When tubing diameter is smaller than the transducer diameter, which device confines the sound beam to the proper range of angles?
• The angle of reflection at an aluminum–water interface is:
• Which outcome describes the near-field region when a transducer is moved laterally in testing?
• Which mode of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency in a material?
• The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques include which of the following?
• Lamb waves are characterized by which feature?
• What term describes the bending of a wave path when crossing into a medium with a different sound velocity?
• In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing of other components is called:
• How does increasing the wavelength affect the half-angle beam divergence in the quartz crystal formula when diameter is fixed?
• Discontinuities in wrought products are typically oriented in which direction?
• Using a pulse-echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the results may be:
• A reference standard is used to adjust instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are harmful to the end use of the product.
• In a straight beam ultrasonic test, when a discontinuity indication is small in amplitude compared with the loss in amplitude of back reflection, the orientation of the discontinuity is most likely:
• Which property primarily determines the fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal?
• In an A-scan display, the intensity of a reflected beam is represented by which parameter?
• The direction relation of particle motion to wave propagation for shear waves produced by immersion angulation is:
• The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the
• How is acoustic impedance defined?
• On an A-scan display, the 'dead zone' refers to which of the following?
• Which expression correctly represents the beam-divergence relation for a quartz crystal?
• What is the term for the speed at which ultrasonic waves travel through a material?
• Which practice aligns with setting repetition frequency to minimize distortions?
• Which factor is most associated with adjusting the test frequency when inspecting coarse-grained alloys?
• A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by:
• Head conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four mechanisms that lead to what?
• When inspecting tubing with a diameter smaller than the transducer, which device is used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles?
• The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface in ultrasonic testing may result in which outcome?
• In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by
• The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is:
• Which term describes the spreading of the ultrasonic beam as it propagates and can degrade lateral resolution?
• Which of the following is a potential cause for non-repeatable A-scan patterns across scans?
• Attenuation is difficult to measure at test frequencies; which factors contribute to the observed losses in a solid material?
• For a uniform beam pattern, what is the expected amplitude relationship between laminar reflections at two opposite points along the beam?
• What is the term for the ratio of wave speed in one material to that in another material?
• Which term describes a transducer comprised of multiple crystals bonded together to act as a single transducer?
• The velocity of longitudinal waves will be highest in
• The change in direction when an ultrasonic wave passes from a medium of one velocity into a medium with a different velocity is called?
• Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to test thin materials because of which limitation?
• Which measurement verifies the wedge angle in an ultrasonic transducer setup?
• Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 12 inch thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?
• Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display?
• What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves?
• The distance from a fixed point on a wave to the next corresponding point is known as what?
• Which casting defect is produced when two streams of molten metal meet and do not fuse properly?
• The operation of aligning an ultrasonic instrument's readings to a known reference standard is called:
• In immersion testing, near-field effects may be eliminated by using a transducer with a larger diameter. Which choice best describes this effect?
• In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and repeated movement of the electron beam across the fluorescent screen is called:
• The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called:
• When inspecting a thin sheet with ultrasonic waves directed normally to the surface, which observation is used to assess the sheet?
• Which of the following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic search units adapted with lucite shoes?
• In ultrasonic testing, transducer B is used to check which parameter?
• Among the principal wave types in metals, which has the highest velocity?
• Which circuit is responsible for producing the time base line used in distance measurements?
• Which statement best describes a property of shear or transverse waves used in ultrasonic testing?
• What is the primary purpose of acoustical lenses in ultrasonic testing?
• Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium and it:
• Skip distance S in a plate is given by which formula?
• The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal:
• Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use:
• In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:
• To which kind of waves does minimal reflection occur when traveling around gradual curves?
• During an A-scan test, strong indications that move across the screen horizontally and cannot be repeated by rescanning are most likely caused by:
• In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates the search unit is called:
• In a liquid medium, which statement is true about vibration modes?
• Rayleigh waves are most sensitive to defects located near the surface. Which option best describes this sensitivity?
• Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest attenuation losses?
• The same formula is used to determine
• The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by:
• In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of which zone?
• Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as:
• The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as
• Which component of a cathode ray tube glows when struck by an electron beam?
• The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be expressed as the:
• Which parameter primarily governs the maximum scanning speed of ultrasonic equipment?
• Which characteristic is NOT listed as an advantage of quartz transducers in ultrasonic search units?
• An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to as:
• When adjusting the flaw locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the:
• Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for:
• Which scanning device is mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant?
• What term describes the total energy losses in all materials?
• Which statement about the relationship between shear and longitudinal wave velocities in solids is most accurate?
• Angle beam testing of plate will often miss laminations oriented how?
• Which of the following would be considered applications of ultrasonic techniques?
• In immersion testing, what is the term for the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the search unit are attached?
• Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be chosen such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections.
• Where does beam divergence occur?
• The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions helps the technician to:
• The motion of particles in a shear wave is
• Attenuation is the loss of ultrasonic wave energy during propagation due to which factors?
• In setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the repetition frequency should be set to ensure the period is at least as long as the operating time.
• Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a 3/4 inch diameter, 5 MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC at the 2 inch block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the 4 inch block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the search unit:
• Which frequency would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses?
• A contact angle beam transducer that produces a 45 degree shear wave in steel would produce what angle in aluminum?
• The factor determining the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is:
• At a water-to-steel interface with a 7-degree incidence in water, what is the principal mode of vibration in the steel?
• To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a:
• When the incident angle is between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be which mode?
• Which scan type can be used to produce a recording of flaw areas superimposed over a plan view of the test piece?
• Skip distance is proportional to which trigonometric function of the refraction angle?
• In immersion testing, which type of wave is typically used to inspect for defects when employing a shear wave approach?
• A discontinuity smaller than the transducer may produce fluctuating amplitude as the search unit is moved laterally if testing is performed in the:
• Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is:
• What is the velocity of sound in water as used in immersion testing data?
• The ultrasonic test method in which finger damping is most effective to locate a discontinuity involves which wave type?
• If velocity in a medium is constant, increasing frequency will cause the wavelength to
• In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to which of the following?
• Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is:
• In coarse-grained steel, which frequency is generally preferred to maximize penetration?
• Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in which effects?
• Energy distribution at an interface with impedance mismatch results in which of the following?
• In a liquid medium, which mode of vibration can exist?
• The cross sectional area of a discontinuity in forging is greater than the area of the 0.08 in. flat bottom hole. Which option correctly represents this statement's placement among choices?
• Surface waves are reduced to approximately 1/25 of the original power at a depth equivalent to which of the following?
• When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what testing method is most often used?
• The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of a longitudinal wave is reached is called:
• When the major plane of a flat discontinuity is tilted relative to the propagation direction, what is a common outcome in the received echo?
• In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in which mode?
• Which presentation provides a plan view of the part outline and defects?
• A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called:
• Which statement best describes area amplitude standards?
• Lamb waves can detect laminar type defects near the surface of a thin material. Which statement best describes this capability?
• In ultrasonic testing, a method where the transducer is placed parallel to the test surface and waves enter perpendicular to the surface is called?
• During ultrasonic testing of a part with a rough surface, which combination is generally recommended relative to parts with smooth surfaces?
• In immersion B-scan imaging, depth information is most accurately represented by which description?
• A discontinuity with a concave surface will cause the reflected beam to focus at a point.
• A discontinuity with a concave surface will cause the reflected beam to:
• The maximum scanning speed in ultrasonic testing is primarily determined by which factor?
• For rough surface testing, which of the following describes the recommended transducer and couplant compared to smooth surfaces?
• Which property is identified as a principal application of ultrasonic techniques related to material stiffness?
• A grouping of a number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in the same plane, and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a:
• Do Rayleigh waves travel along the surface of a material?
• In immersion testing, the water path time is adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water is:
• Which property is commonly determined as a main application of ultrasonic testing?
• If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface where the first material has a higher acoustic impedance but the same velocity as the second material, the angle of refraction will be
• The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of
• Which lens curvature is used to focus sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus?
• In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection because of:
• In immersion testing, what term describes the accessory equipment to which the search cable and unit are attached?
• The angle at which the shear wave refracts at 90 degrees is called the:
• The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under a changing magnetic field is called?
• In standing wave concepts, the points of maximum vibration are called what?
• In straight(normal) beam contact testing, a reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude could indicate:
• Which phenomenon describes a magnetic material changing length in response to a changing magnetic field?
• Which type of wave travels along the surface and is commonly used for surface inspection in metals?
• Reflection indications from a weld area using the angle beam technique may represent which of the following?
• In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to:
• Which configuration uses a transducer and receiver on opposite sides of the test piece to detect flaws by transmitted energy?
• A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom holes, is called a set of:
• In ultrasonic testing, the acoustic impedance of a material primarily determines which of the following?
• Rayleigh waves are best described as waves that:
• The angle of reflection is:
• The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region is also called which other term?
• The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine which of the following?
• An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635,000 cm/s and a frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength is
• Discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented in which direction?
• In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to set which parameters?
• An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain:
• What is the region in which the beam pattern becomes stable and far-field behavior dominates called?
• In a contact ultrasonic test, the hash on the CRT display could be caused by which microstructural feature?
• The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is:
• If the long axis of a discontinuity is parallel to the sound beam, the indication from the discontinuity is best described as:
• Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) is used to compensate echo height variations due to depth.
• Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for which purpose?
• Which vibration mode propagates fastest in solids, explaining velocity differences?
• If V1 = 2, V2 = 3, and θ1 = 13.2 degrees, using Snell's law, θ2 is approximately?
• Which testing method name is associated with the perpendicular entry of ultrasound to the test surface?
• The transducers in ultrasonic search units used for discontinuity testing primarily rely on which principle?
• What is the primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer?
• The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes direction within the same medium is called?
• Attenuation in ultrasonic testing arises primarily from which combination?
• The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves in the immersion setup is approximately:
• Which factors can cause differences in signals from identical reflectors at different distances from the transducer?
• What term describes a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid in ultrasonic testing?
• Which type of presentation is commonly displayed by facsimile recordings rather than a CRT display?
• In contact testing, a wedge transducer alignment is used to direct sound into the part at an angle; this technique primarily facilitates the generation of which wave mode in the material?
• Which statement correctly expresses the relationship to compute wavelength in a solid when frequency is known?
• What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and have a propagation mode that is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface?
• Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which examination types?
• Which of the following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT in an A scan UT setup?
• In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increases?
• A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called:
• Which mode of vibration is quickly dampened out in immersion testing?
• In a B-scan display, the screen indication length from a discontinuity corresponds to the discontinuity's length in which direction?
• In ultrasonic calibration, which quantity is defined by establishing the index point?
• As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens will:
• In a basic pulse-echo instrument, which parameter is determined by the synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit?
• As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread:
• Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle?
• The resolving power of an ultrasonic search unit is directly proportional to which parameter?
• The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred to as:
• A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:
• The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in immersion testing is:
• In a basic pulse-echo ultrasonic instrument, which component generates the pulses used to excite the transducer?
• The only significant sound wave mode that will travel through a liquid is:
• Which description best captures the concept of Snell's law in ultrasonics?
• In immersion testing of aluminum with water as the couplant, how many inches of aluminum correspond to 1 inch of water to prevent the second front surface indication before the first back reflection?
• Which of the following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar materials?
• What term describes the rate at which energy is transmitted through a medium by ultrasonic waves?
• Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, which lens type would be used?
• Which scanning methods could be classified as immersion type test?
• Which scenario could indicate a long, narrow reflection path when beam divergence causes a reflection from a side surface before the back surface?
• When a longitudinal wave refracts and a transverse (shear) wave is produced in the second medium, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is:
• For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately which multiple of the shear velocity?